Understanding Ozempic

A Treatment Option for Type 2 Diabetes

Author

Rebecca Williams
May 15, 2024

Today we’re diving into a development in the world of diabetes management: Ozempic. This medication acts through a unique mechanism that mimics a natural hormone. Let's break down what Ozempic is, the science behind it, and how it works.

What is Ozempic?

Ozempic, known scientifically as semaglutide, is a medication approved for managing blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs based on a naturally occurring hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Ozempic is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that replicates the actions of the GLP-1 hormone in the body.

Understanding GLP-1

GLP-1 is a hormone produced in the gut. It plays a critical role in managing blood glucose levels. After eating, GLP-1 helps to increase the amount of insulin released from the pancreas, which helps lower blood sugar. Additionally, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, making you feel fuller for longer.

However, in its natural form, GLP-1 has a short lifespan within the body, breaking down within minutes due to the action of enzymes and renal clearance. This rapid degradation initially posed significant challenges for its therapeutic use. The breakthrough was achieved by researchers at the Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk. They developed a method to extend the hormone's active life in the bloodstream. Their innovation led to the creation of Ozempic, a long-acting treatment option for type 2 diabetes, which received FDA approval in 2017.

How Ozempic Works

Ozempic is a modified form of GLP-1, designed to resist breakdown and remain active in the body longer. It mimics the action of natural GLP-1 but with a prolonged effect, allowing it to be administered once weekly rather than needing continuous delivery. This extended activity may offer advantages in terms of convenience and adherence for some patients. Ozempic is administered using a subcutaneous injection, meaning it is injected under the skin. Ozempic increases insulin secretion and slows gastric emptying, which may lead to improved blood sugar control and weight loss in some patients.

Ozempic's development was not straightforward. It required years of research and innovation, particularly in making GLP-1 long-acting. Early research began in the 1990s, with scientists overcoming numerous challenges, including how to stabilize the molecule for therapeutic use. 

Ozempic, while widely recognized for its role in managing blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, is also FDA-approved to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in those with type 2 diabetes and established heart disease. While Ozempic is an advancement in diabetes care, it is essential to note that it is not suitable for everyone. As with any medication, there are potential side effects and considerations.

Off-Label Use and Weight Management

In February 2021 the New England Journal of Medicine published a study that shed light on the potential of once-weekly semaglutide, commonly known under the brand name Ozempic, for significant weight loss in adults without diabetes. The 68-week study involved 1,961 participants with obesity or overweight, who were administered semaglutide alongside lifestyle interventions. The participants who were administered semaglutide experienced a mean weight loss of 14.9% from baseline after 68 weeks, compared with a weight loss of 2.4% in the placebo group. This study underscores semaglutide's capability not only in managing diabetes but also in potentially transforming the approach to obesity management. However, it's essential to note that Ozempic is not currently FDA-approved for weight loss, highlighting the importance of medical guidance when considering its use for such purposes. There's ongoing research on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, the class Ozempic belongs to, for weight management.

So, Why All the Buzz About Ozempic?

Ozempic has become a hot topic lately, particularly after some celebrities have credited it for their weight loss. While it's true that Ozempic can lead to weight loss in some patients with type 2 diabetes, it's important to remember that it's a prescription medication designed to manage this chronic health condition.

This discussion aims to clarify how Ozempic functions and highlight its potential benefits for those with type 2 diabetes. As with any medication, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional to determine if Ozempic is suitable for your specific health needs.

Disclaimer: I am not a healthcare provider, and the information provided in this newsletter is intended for educational purposes only. The content shared here should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with your healthcare provider or physician for personalized guidance regarding any health concerns or medical conditions.

References

Collins, L., & Costello, R. A. (2023, January 13). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/

Ducharme, Jamie. (2023, November 7). Should We End Obesity? Time. https://time.com/6330809/ozempic-wegovy-mounjaro-healthy/

NPR. (2024, February 27). Thoughts on Ozempic from a body-positive doctor. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1196978728

UC Davis Health. (2023, July 19). Ozempic for Weight Loss: Does It Work and What Do Experts Recommend? https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/ozempic-for-weight-loss-does-it-work-and-what-do-experts-recommend/2023/07

Yao H, Zhang A, Li D, Wu Y, Wang C, Wan J et al. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis BMJ 2024. https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-076410